2nd Regional Workshop on Swine Disease Control in Asia held in Beijing
The 2nd Regional Workshop on Swine Disease Control in Asia was held in Beijing on 27-29 June 2017.
The event was co-organized by MOA, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). China's Chief Veterinary Officer (CVO) Dr. Zhang Zhongqiu, Dr. Hirofumi Kugita from OIE Regional Representation for Asia and the Pacific (OIE RRAP) and Dr. Katinka DeBalogh from FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO RAP) attended and addressed the opening ceremony.
Dr. Zhang Zhongqiu highly recognized the achievements of swine disease control project in Asia. He noted that the project will provide a new opportunity for swine disease control in the region, facilitate communication, information-sharing and coordination among members in Asia and the Pacific, and contribute to the undertaking of global animal disease control. At the Workshop, experts of FAO and OIE and representatives from OIE RRAP members exchanged the status Quo of major swine diseases in Asia, shared their control measures and research progress and discussed the development of the joint control mechanism.
Since 2013 China has initiated and financed the project of swine disease control in Asia through its donation to OIE. The project aims at improving swine disease control and diagnostic capacity in the region, and enhancing preparedness and response to exotic animal diseases.
Source: MOA China. Date: 2017-07-05
EU warning on China food certification changes
The European Commission has warned China is planning to introduce what Brussels calls "unjustifiable food certification requirements" for imports into the country.
The alert comes in a new annual report released today (27 June) from the EU executive on international trade and investment barriers, looking at developments in 2016 and upcoming changes.
In the report, the Commission said China has plans to impose new certification standards on confectionery, chocolates, biscuits, jams, compotes and other fruit preparations, milled products and grains, breakfast cereals, noodles and pasta.
Meanwhile, closer to the bloc, the report noted Switzerland, which remains outside the EU, last year restricted meat exports from the member states by reclassifying tariffs for seasoned meat, significantly increasing the charges. The report added even though the Swiss government later reduced duties for seasoned meat "imported for the purpose of producing dry meat", importers will still have to prove upon request the meat has been imported for that purpose. "As a result, part of EU exports will continue to be subject to the higher duties," said the report. Officials from the Commission's directorate general for trade have raised these problems with the Swiss government, it added.
Meanwhile, Russia – which still imposes a comprehensive import ban on EU food exports – also last year extended longstanding restrictions preventing foreign companies from bidding for government procurement contracts regarding food supplies, noted the Commission report.
On the plus side, the report noted South Korea had eased technical requirements for EU exporters of raw milk cheese wanting to secure access to Korean sales channels.
And Ukraine repealed a longstanding health-based ban on imports of EU-made beef and veal, although some import conditions still clash with some Brussels standards, said the report. It also welcomed Ukraine scrapping a quarantine permit for imports of vegetables from the EU, including cargoes transiting Ukraine territory.
Source: Just-Food.com Date: 2017-07-04
China’s New Pesticide Regulations Become Effective
On June 1, 2017, in the People’s Republic of China (China), a newly revised Regulation on Pesticide Administration (RPA) became effective. The newly revised RPA was approved during the 164th executive meeting of the State Council of China on February 8, 2017 and published as Decree Number 677 of the State Council of China (China Decree 677) on April 1, 2017.
The first version of the RPA became effective on May 8, 1997, and was revised on November 29, 2001, by China Decree 326. China Decree 677 makes significant changes to the current version of RPA (China Decree 326), and requires the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) to formulate relevant rules and measures for its implementation. The revised RPA includes eight chapters: General Provisions; Pesticide Registration; Production of Pesticides; Distribution of Pesticides; Uses of Pesticides; Supervision and Management; Legal Liability; and Supplementary Provisions.
On March 17, 2017, the MOA released five implementation measures for public comments, but did not provide an implementation date. The measures include: Pesticide Registration Management Measures (Draft); Measures for the Management of Pesticide Production License (Draft); Measures for the Administration of Pesticide Business License (Draft); Measures for the Administration of Pesticide Labels and Manuals (Draft); and Measures for the Management of Tests Used for Pesticide Registration (Draft).
The new RPA is intended to: streamline the administration process; implement licensing systems for pesticide production and distribution; promote the reduction of pesticide uses and enhance the management of highly toxic pesticides; clarify the responsibilities of manufacturers, sponsors of the contracted manufacturers, and distributors for the safety, efficacy, and quality of pesticides; establish pesticide recall and pesticide waste recycling systems; and prevent and punish the adulteration of pesticides. The new RPA also revises the registration process and labeling requirements of pesticides, removes temporary pesticide registration, includes increased fines and blacklisting, and requires that manufacturers and distributors/retailers of pesticides establish a tracking system and maintain the required records for at least two years.
Commentary
The new RPA significantly changed registrations for pesticides in China. Temporary pesticide registration is no longer an option. There were two registration review committees: the Temporary Pesticide Registration Review Committee that held a review meeting every two months; and the Full Pesticide Registration Review Committee that held a review meeting every six months, before the new RPA became effective. The two committees are being replaced by the National Pesticide Registration Review Committee, but no frequency of review meetings was provided. It is expected that the National Pesticide Registration Review Committee will meet less frequently than once every two months, which may result in a longer timeline for review and approval. Without temporary pesticide registrations, a full set of data will be required with every pesticide registration, including two-year stability data in the initial submission. Therefore, the new pesticide registration process may extend the time for manufacturers to bring products to the Chinese market.
The new RPA requires the foreign registration of active ingredients; possibly new formulations will obtain the registration in another country before registering it in China.
In addition, the Pesticide Registration Management Measures (Draft) requires that chemistry and toxicology tests should be completed in laboratories approved by the MOA or overseas laboratories maintaining mutual recognition agreements with the Chinese Government and complying with Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), and that efficacy, residue, and environment tests shall be conducted in China. Since China is not a member country of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD) Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) system, this proposed requirement could reject all test reports from overseas for pesticide registration in China. It also requires that literature or data in a foreign language shall be translated to Chinese, but is not clear if the whole article/reports or only the summary should be translated into Chinese. The timeline for new data requirements on pesticide registration under the new RPA is not provided. Many questions for pesticide registration under the new RPA remain.
Source: The National Law Review Date 2017-07-04
Antibiotic Resistance Is Lurking in The Environment
Colistin is an antibiotic of last resort, one of the final options left when all other drugs fail. It is an older antibiotic and sometimes toxic to the kidneys. Yet precisely because colistin is not a particularly safe drug and thus rarely used, bacteria didn’t develop resistance to it.
Until they did, of course. At first, the occasional resistance mutation popped up, here and there. Then in 2015, scientists surveilling Chinese pig farms reported the discovery of Escherichia coli bacteria with colistin resistance in a form that can spread with frightening ease. The resistance gene, which they called mcr-1, lived on a free-floating loop of DNA called a plasmid. Bacteria—even bacteria of different species—can swap plasmids back and forth. Just seven months later, another group in Belgium found a second, similar gene, mcr-2. And this week, the original group of scientists reported a third this time more distinct, colistin-resistance gene, mcr-3, also on a plasmid and also found in E. coli from a Chinese pig farm. That plasmid where the researchers found mcr-3 also contained 18 other resistance genes against other antibiotics.
Researchers think they have another reason to worry about mcr-3. This resistance gene is very similar to a naturally occurring gene in Aeromonas, a type of bacteria ubiquitous in fresh and brackish waters. It could be that mcr-3 developed in Aeronomas in the first place, and though it’s not yet confirmed, these bacteria may be a reservoir of colistin resistance. “mcr-3 might exist everywhere,” says Yang Wang, a biologist at China Agricultural University and an author on the new report. Colistin resistance could be even more widespread than we thought.
The case of mcr-3 illuminates the complex interplay between antibiotics and the natural environment, which scientists are only just beginning to understand. It makes sense to find resistance genes in hospitals or on farms, where antibiotics are used to treat humans or animals. But why would antibiotic resistance genes turn up in bacteria from the natural environment—even in an isolated cave or 30,000-year-old permafrost? Does the natural environment harbor a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, waiting to spring into action?
First, some history about colistin. Decades ago, as colistin fell out of favor for human medicine, farmers started using it. Small doses of antibiotics can fatten pigs and chickens, so colistin became a growth promoter added to feed. China has been a major user of colistin in agriculture, and it’s Chinese scientists who first detected the mcr-1 resistance. But the drug has also been used worldwide in various ways, from promoting growth to preventing and treating diarrheal diseases in animals. (This year, China banned the use of colistin as a growth promoter, and Europe is cutting down on its use on its use in prevention. Treating sick animals with it is still allowed, though.)
Infections resistant to multiple drugs—the kind that might require resorting to colistin—are thankfully still rare, and they’re mostly a concern for the already sick and immunocompromised. But if colistin resistance becomes more common, these patients would lose one of their only remaining options.
So the bombshell discovery of mcr-1 set off a search through bacteria collections around the world. And soon enough, researchers found mcr-1 in dozens of countries, even in decades-old samples of Enterobacteriaceae, a group of bacteria that includes E. coli and Salmonella. The gene had spread around the world before scientists even knew to look for it.
“Environmental bacteria are just chock full of resistance genes.”
Unfortunately, the same thing has probably already happened with mcr-3. In fact, when Wang and his coauthors went to compare the DNA sequence of mcr-3 to previously sequenced bacteria, they found three 100 percent matches—in Enterobacteriaceae from a Malaysian pig in 2013, human pus in Thailand in 2015, and human stool in the U.S. in 2008.
What makes mcr-3 different from mcr-1 is the existence of mcr-3-like genes in a whole different group of more distantly related water bacteria, the Aeromonas. For example, one bacteria sample from Malaysian lake water had 94.1 percent similarity to the enzyme encoded by mcr-3. And some Aeromonas species seem to have intrinsic resistance to colistin’s class of antibiotics. Wang is now working to isolate the mcr-3-like gene in Aeromonas to figure out if it is indeed what gives the bacteria resistance to colistin.
What could Aeromonas be doing with a colistin-resistance gene out in the environment? This kind of scenario is actually quite common. “Environmental bacteria are just chock full of resistance genes,” says Gerry Wright, a biochemist at McMaster University, who has looked in places like permafrost and isolated caves for resistance genes. One answer could be that bacteria are protecting themselves. Many antibiotics actually come from microbes, which may be creating toxins to fight off their microbe competitors. In fact, colistin was first isolated from a flask of bacteria in Japan.
But chemical warfare between bacteria isn’t the only way to think about the existence of natural antibiotics. The antibiotics we’ve isolated from microbes often don’t exist at high enough natural concentrations to actually kill other bacteria. Perhaps, what we think of as antibiotics are really signaling molecules that bacteria use to communicate with each other. “These are very complex ecosystems that have hundreds and thousands of species in some way communicating with each other,” says Justin Donato, a biochemist at University of St. Thomas. And what we think of resistance genes might just be there to modify signaling molecules.
Of course, in high enough concentrations, the compounds that may originally have been for signaling and that humans use as antibiotics, become lethal. Then natural selection kicks in. The genes used in bacterial communication could then be co-opted for antibiotic resistance. That may be what happened with mcr-3 andcolistin. Perhaps a pig drank water with Aeromonascarrying mcr-3 or an mcr-3-like gene, which then encountered E. coli in the pig’s gut and eventually passed along the gene on a plasmid, giving the E. coli resistance to colistin.
In one view, the case of mcr-3 illustrates how little we know about complex bacterial communities, and how sources of antibiotic resistance may lurk in unexpected places. But seen another way, it shows just how predictable the larger pattern is: Bacteria always find a way to become resistant.
Source: The Atlantic Date: 2017-07-04
China has an alarming food problem — and there's only one way to fix it
Today's Chinese citizens have grown hungry for fatty, high-protein foods, but the country's agriculture industry may have hit its limit.
The Western diet could be to blame.
Over the past two decades, China's prevailing diet has shifted away from grains like rice and wheat in favor of richer animal proteins and a wider variety of exotic vegetables. As Bloomberg reports, this change has left the country short of land on which to grow produce and raise livestock.
While the Western diet typically demands about one acre per person, China has only 0.2 acres to devote to feeding each citizen. Meanwhile, the country consumes 50% of the world's total pork supply.
"The rapid rate of industrialization in China is really chewing up crop land at an alarming rate," Lester Brown, founder and president of the Earth Institute, told Reuters. "China is now losing cropland."
In an effort to meet the growing appetite for new foods, the country has turned its attention outward. But the solution isn't as simple as importing more food from abroad — unless the world begins accommodating food production for 9 billion people. Instead, the Chinese government has started leasing farms in North and South America, Australia, and Africa. In some cases, it has bought the land outright.
Launching factories in more industrialized countries has also allowed China to capitalize on newer technology and higher standards for storing perishable items. These efforts help improve the quality of China's food production, which has been an issue in the past — the Shanghai Food and Drug Administration has had to shut down meat-processing factories on numerous occasions because they were using expired products.
But even that strategy has its limits.
Population experts predict that an additional 2 billion people will live on the planet by 2050. Many of the biggest spikes in population will be in areas outside of China — developing regions in South America and Africa, in particular — where the country has set up offshore factories for food production.
In solving its own problem, China may inadvertently put much greater strains on the global food supply. Some evidence suggests this is already the case with the grains the country imports to feed cattle, according to the USDA research . Producing one pound of beef requires seven pounds of grain, the Earth Institute finds.
Of course, China isn't the only country adopting a Western diet — it's merely the latest superpower to do so. The most straightforward way for people around the world to ease the global burden this diet creates is to consume less of the animal protein that requires so much land and water to produce. Even eating other livestock, such as poultry or pork, would ease the demand for feed.
But as China expands its international food operations, the risks of a widening food crisis only continue to build.
Source: Business Insider. Date: 2017-07-04
Over $13 billion spent on agriculture restructuring
Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc has approved a target programme to restructure the agricultural economy, prevent natural disasters and stabilise people’s lives with total capital of VNĐ306.66 trillion (US$13.5 billion).
The programme, implemented from 2016 to 2020, will upgrade the seed producing establishments at central and local levels; invest in the construction of synchronous infrastructure for some key seed producing regions; produce a variety of seeds; and assist enterprises to implement projects in the field of special preferential investment.
The programme will support 2,000 newly established cooperatives and reorganise 90 per cent of existing agricultural cooperatives in accordance with the Law on Cooperatives in 2012.
It will consolidate and renovate some 650km of sea dykes and 550km of river dykes; proactively prevent and limit damage caused by natural disasters; and repair, upgrade and ensure the safety of 1,150 small and medium water reservoirs to provide sufficient fresh water for the population of 12 large islands.
The programme also aims to stabilise the lives of ethnic minority nomad households and about 11,500 households in disaster-prone areas; and resettle households in the wake of irrigation and hydropower works.
It is also designed to help the cultivation and animal husbandry sectors carry out restructuring in a modern way to create high added value and sustainability and contribute to raising the annual growth rate of cultivation to 2.5-3 per cent and husbandry to 4-5 per cent.
Source: VNS Date: 2017-06-04
Robots to go fishing in Dalian
A leading Chinese fishery company and the Dalian University of Technology have established a laboratory to develop underwater robots, which are expected to take the place of divers to catch precious seafood.
The robots will also likely perform seabed monitoring tasks at fishing grounds in Dalian, Liaoning province.
"We're dedicated to developing robots that can work as flexibly and efficiently as experienced divers in the complicated circumstances under the sea," said Wu Hougang, president of Zoneco Group Co Ltd, which is listed on the Shenzhen bourse.
The company employs dozens of divers to pick up precious seafood such as trepang (a type of rare sea cucumber), sea urchins and abalone from the sea floor about 20 to 30 meters from the surface. They work about three to four hours per day.
"The robots will help reduce risks and costs," said Wu.
According to the agreement between the two parties, the lab will carry out innovation of underwater robots focusing on tasks such as environmental perception, underwater observation and ecological monitoring.
The company and the university will also work together to solve technological problems, develop products, and promote the application of technological results.
The lab is expected to be a model for the integration of technology with finance, as well as the collaborative research and development between research institutions and big companies.
Zoneco will provide 300,000 yuan ($43,480) annually to the lab.
The National Natural Science Foundation of China will support the construction of the lab, said Deng Fang, a project director with the foundation.
"Currently, industrial robots and aerial robots are enjoying rapid development in China while the research and development of underwater robots is relatively slow," said Deng.
Some other universities and research institutes, including Peking University, Harbin Engineering University and Beijing-based Beihang University, will provide technical support to the lab.
Guo Dongming, president of the Dalian University of Technology, said the cooperation will promote industrial upgrading through new technology, make progress in the areas of underwater robots and maritime information, and help boost the maritime economy in China.
Source: China Daily Date: 2017-06-04
China creates "estate wine" trademark
Sixteen wineries in China – from Beijing, Hebei, Xinjiang and Ningxia – are close to receiving the “estate wine” quality trademark. This is part of the government’s efforts to establish official quality standards.
A professional trade committee, organised by China Alcoholic Drinks Association (CADA), conducted a series of audits and tasting assessments.
As reported by the wine magazine Decanter online, these producers are currently at the final stage of the process and are highly likely to be approved to carry the designated “estate wine” trademark in July, according to CADA.
The move marks China’s first steps towards an official regulation system for quality wine production.
To qualify for the “estate wine” trademark, producers need to have full control over their vineyards, and produce and bottle their wines on site.
The yield limit for these estate wines is at 1000kg of grapes per mu (approximately 94-115 hectolitres per hectare depending on white or red wines), according to CADA.
As for geographical indication (GI) marks, China has so far issued several to domestic wine producing regions, including Helan Mountain, in the east of Ningxia.
Unlike EU appellation laws, the Chinese GI regulations “had little actual effect in the market because it is far less forceful than the trademark law,” said Chinese wine authority Professor Li Demei in a previous DecanterChina.com column.
By encouraging quality producers to apply for the estate wine trademark, which is owned and endorsed by CADA, the association aims to “protect the reputation of Chinese estate wine producers in domestic and overseas market”, said officials.
Source: NewEurope Date: 2017-06-03
China Addresses Soil Pollution with Agriculture Reforms
As China’s pork industry continues to expand, the country will need to address a greater problem lying just beneath the surface—soil pollution.
According to a national soil survey from the Chinese government in 2014, 19,4% of the country's farmland was polluted by chemical contaminants and metals such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic. Overall, 2% of China's land is too polluted to even use for farming anymore. That’s around 11,800 square miles—roughly the size of the entire country of Belgium.
Increased industrialization across the country has led to an excessive amount of toxic materials building up in the soil over time. Mining, energy production, waste incineration, manufacturing processes, and even agricultural uses all contribute to soil pollution. Failure to address the problem early on means that some land is now completely unusable and unsalvageable.
To prevent the problem from worsening, China plans to treat waste from its livestock breeding programs to reduce agricultural pollution . The country also intends to implement tougher penalties for contributing to pollution, prohibit construction in areas with contaminated soil, and increase the use of animal waste as fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers. As the world’s largest pork producer, accounting for roughly half of global production, pursuing these agriculture reforms is in the country’s best interests—should China fail to protect its farmland, it could prove to be a rocky future for its pork industry.
Source: Farm Journal's Pork Date: 2017-06-03
High time for high-tech farming in Vietnam
The Government will focus on technology-based agriculture to resolve problems like the lack of value-added products for export, the low competitiveness of Vietnamese farm produce in world markets and inconsistency in quality.
Deputy Minister of Planning and Investment Dang Huy Dong speaks to Vietnam News Agency about all these issues.
Q: Applying science and technology to achieve large-scale production is common in many countries in the region and world. Vietnam also wants to do that. What do you think about it?
A: Developing high-tech agriculture is the right policy and should be done soon. This dovetails with current global trends and will also help Vietnam’s agriculture sector resolve its problems like lack of value-added products for export, low global competitiveness of produce and inconsistency in quality.
Recently I had the opportunity to visit many high-tech agricultural enterprises and cooperatives in Da Lat, Lam Dong province. I saw flower and vegetable farms that are equipped with modern equipment and have automatic operation like in Europe. This modern production model has also developed strongly in many cities and provinces in the north and south.
However, what direction high-tech agriculture should take needs to be discussed carefully to ensure sustainable development of local agriculture. This is a big responsibility for government management offices and local authorities.
The issues requiring attention include how to create partnerships between links in the high-tech agricultural production chain, who should be given licences to develop large-scale production and the stipulations for enterprises to enjoy the Government’s support policies.
Q: You mentioned building partnerships between links in the high-tech agriculture chain. To be specific, did you refer to partnerships between enterprises and farmers?
A: That is right. In this relationship, farmers are satellite producers and their representative is the cooperative. The cooperative is a legal entity and a partner of enterprises. Building a healthy partnership between enterprises and farmers will accelerate high-tech agriculture.
Many countries in the world have developed agriculture based on this principle. They have focused on building partnerships between enterprises and farmers, creating a consensus to pool land for large-scale production, have same cultivation models and apply scientific and technological advances for agricultural production. This cooperation will increase productivity and ensure quality, improving value addition.
I fully support this development method and cooperation between enterprises and farmers is very important.
Q: The Government plans to give more land to individuals and organisations to develop agriculture and pool lands for large-scale production. However, there are many hurdles to implementing this plan. What is your opinion about this?
A: The Government’s policies will benefit agricultural development, especially the widespread application of technology in agriculture. The Government will create favourable conditions with respect to land and preferential credit for eligible enterprises and encourage them to invest in technology.
However, if land is accumulated by private enterprises or a group of people, many farmers could lose their lands, leading to instability in society and affect the sustainable development of the agriculture.
In many developed countries, they do not accumulate land by changing ownership; instead, they pool lands land for large-scale production to enable application of technology in agriculture.
It should be noted that in many cases private enterprises will not use land for agriculture and will use it for other purposes. So, the Government must carefully consider land policies to harmonise the interests of parties taking part in high-tech agricultural production.
Q: What does the Ministry of Planning and Investment do to promote high-tech agriculture?
A: To implement the Government’s policy on developing high-tech agriculture, the ministry will collaborate with the Ministries of Finance and Science and Technology to efficiently implement programmes and projects under a plan for the development of high-tech agriculture by 2020 under the Government’s Decision 176/QĐ-TTg.
Besides, the ministry will develop co-operatives under the new model to support large-scale agricultural production and also enterprise development, especially by applying technology in agriculture production.
The ministry has linked up with localities to apply high technology in agriculture. The localities know about the need to using high technology in agriculture to increase value addition.
Many provinces and cities such as Binh Thuan, Can Tho and HCM City have cooperated with the ministry to study their unique farm produce and develop investment promotion programmes to seek funding for those items.
These localities have preferential policies to attract agricultural enterprises with capability and technology.
High-tech agriculture is expected to develop strongly in the future.
Source: VNA Date: 2017-06-23